<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">On Wed, 29 May 2019 at 01:20, Joseph Eisenberg <<a href="mailto:joseph.eisenberg@gmail.com">joseph.eisenberg@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">On github, Christoph mentioned that some of these features tagged<br>
barrier=embankment may be types of earthen fortifications, as found in<br>
Europe, eg earthen ramparts, earthworks or earth banks.<br>
<br>
> "Double/symmetric embankment not connected to some other primary feature like a road... something we in German call a 'Wall' "<br>
<br>
It could be translated "rampart" - "a large wall built round a town,<br>
castle, etc. to protect it"?<br>
Or "earthwork": "a raised area of earth made, especially in the past,<br>
for defence against enemy attack"<br></blockquote><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">How the terms are used may vary from country to country. OSM tags do not necessarily</div><div class="gmail_quote">correspond closely to technical and/or common usage. Meanings may differ for</div><div class="gmail_quote">features like embankments depending upon context (railway embankment, fortification,</div><div class="gmail_quote">levee, etc.).</div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">From what I've seen of scheduled monuments in Wales, the general usage (other</div><div class="gmail_quote">than for a few scheduled railway embankments) is that an embankment is a barrier</div><div>Earthworks are more complex features which may include embankments. Sometimes</div><div>an embankment is described as a "linear earthwork."</div><div><br></div><div>Example:<br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote" style="margin-left:40px">A motte and bailey castle comprises a large conical or pyramidal mound
of soil or stone (the motte) surrounded by, or adjacent to, one or more
embanked enclosures (the bailey). Both may be surrounded by wet or dry ditches and could be further
strengthened with palisades, revetments, and/or a tower on top of the
motte.</div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">Both the motte and the bailey are types of earthworks.</div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">OT for this list: the rendering of an embankment implies that the drop on one side is</div><div class="gmail_quote">significantly greater than the other. This is often not the case. It may be true where</div><div class="gmail_quote">there is a ditch (barrier, not drainage) associated with the embankment. Perhaps</div><div class="gmail_quote">embankments should be rendered with triangles on both sides of the line because</div><div class="gmail_quote">if the ground on one side is significantly higher than the other it's often a bank or a</div><div class="gmail_quote"> slope or maybe even a cliff. IMaybe we need a way of specifying equal or unequal</div><div class="gmail_quote">drops.<br></div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">For more examples of usage by UK heritage agencies, tell your favourite search engine to</div><div class="gmail_quote">restrict itself to looking at the site <a href="http://ancientmonuments.uk">ancientmonuments.uk</a> (with google you use</div><div class="gmail_quote">site:<a href="http://ancientmonuments.uk">ancientmonuments.uk</a> as a search term) and look for embankment, motte, bailey,</div><div class="gmail_quote">earthworks, etc.</div><div><br></div><div>Yes, all fortification-type embankments are ramparts, but not all ramparts are embankments.</div><div>Most people (if they use the term at all) associate "ramparts" with a stone wall. In my trawls</div><div>through the ancientmonuments site I don't recall rampart being used to describe an</div><div>embankment (but I've only looked at a tiny fraction of the monuments and my memory isn't</div><div> great these days). Oh, and they're all walls, whatever the building material, but in English</div><div>we wouldn't use "wall" without qualification, such as "castle wall" or "curtain wall" and we</div><div>wouldn't generally use "wall" for an embankment.<br></div><div><br></div><div class="gmail_quote">-- <br></div><div class="gmail_quote">Paul</div><div class="gmail_quote"><br></div></div>