[openstreetmap/openstreetmap-website] Switch from ubuntu to debian and refactor Dockerfile (PR #5157)

[Emin Kocan]

Fixes #5010

A few notes regarding this issue and PR:

- Since @tomhughes mentioned that all the production and development servers are now on Debian 12, I thought this would be a good time to sync the Docker image and revisit the previous work.
- The issues noted in this [comment](https://github.com/openstreetmap/openstreetmap-website/issues/5010#issuecomment-2261537069) have been resolved. These were likely caused by geckodriver v0.34 being incompatible with the newer version of Firefox, which was reflected in the test logs afterwards.
- Node.js and osmosis are now installed as a system packages, and ESLint is working correctly out of the box again.
- I encountered an issue when running tests for the first time inside the Docker container, where some assets were missing. Running `bundle exec rake assets:precompile` resolved these errors.
- Everything seems to be working fine now, but it would be helpful if a few of us could test this locally before merging.

Let me know if you have any feedback or suggestions!
You can view, comment on, or merge this pull request online at:

  https://github.com/openstreetmap/openstreetmap-website/pull/5157

-- Commit Summary --

  * Switch from ubuntu to debian

-- File Changes --

    M Dockerfile (76)

-- Patch Links --

https://github.com/openstreetmap/openstreetmap-website/pull/5157.patch
https://github.com/openstreetmap/openstreetmap-website/pull/5157.diff

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